Understanding Breast Cancer
In October the world takes a moment to talk about breast cancer. During this time, we are sure to see campaign after campaign educating us about this devastating disease.
While October is synonymous with the pink ribbon, we need to acknowledge that the disease does not take a break for the rest of the year. We need to be committed to educating ourselves about breast cancer continuously. So, as the conversation around breast cancer gains momentum this month, let’s not stop the conversation when October ends.
Cancer statistics in South Africa are significant, with breast cancer being the most prevalent form of cancer in women:
“A recent study published by medical journal Lancet predicts that South Africa could see an increase of 78% in the number of cancer cases by 2030.”
“South Africa is ranked 50th on the World Cancer Research Fund’s list of countries with the highest cancer prevalence rates. Amongst women, the most prevalent is breast cancer followed by cervical, uterus, colorectal and oesophageal cancer.”
With the above stats in mind, it is important to continually educate ourselves about breast cancer prevention, diagnosis and treatment. It is important to note that the death rate from breast cancer has declined in recent years due to awareness, screenings and advanced treatments.
Let us begin the conversation around the disease by understanding what breast cancer really is and who is at risk.
What is Breast Cancer?
Breast cancer occurs when cells in the breast tissue mutate and continue to reproduce. These cells are abnormal and cluster together to form a tumour. This tumour will become malignant (cancerous) when the cells spread through other parts of the breast, the bloodstream or lymphatic system (metastasize).
Who is at Risk?
Below is a list of top risk factors for breast cancer. However, it is important to state that everyone needs to be vigilant when it comes to this disease.
Key Risk Factors:
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Genetics/Family History
A woman’s risk for breast cancer almost doubles if her mother, sister or daughter has had the disease. This risk fundamentally triples if more than one close relative has battled the disease.
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Age and Gender
As stated previously, women are most at risk and the risk for women begins to rise after the age of 40.
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Hormones
Women who get their menstrual cycle before the age of 12 and women who go through late menopause (over age 55) are at greater risk for breast cancer.
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Breast Changes/Conditions
Women who have dense breasts or a history of lumps in their breasts are at greater risk of developing breast cancer.
As stated above, everyone needs to be vigilant when it comes to their breasts, whether they fall into the key risks or not. Early diagnosis is important, and it is vital to know the symptoms of the disease.
Breast Cancer Symptoms
Any of the below changes in the breast may be a symptom of breast cancer:
- Breast skin dimpling or irritation
- Swelling of a part of the entire breast
- Breast pain
- Redness, thickening or scaliness of the breast skin or nipple
- Inverted nipple or nipple pain
- Discharge from the nipple
- A lump in the underarm area
Please note that the above indicators may also be signs of a less serious condition. However, it is important to get checked by a medical professional if you experience any of these symptoms.
Breast Cancer Testing
If you have any of the above symptoms it is important to see a medical professional as soon as possible. Early diagnosis is key because the less the disease has progressed, the greater the outcome of treatment.
So, how do you test for breast cancer?
A mammogram (breast x-ray) will be able to detect the presence of cancer, and they can even identify cancer before any symptoms arise.
Self-exams for breast cancer are also highly recommended and should be part of your monthly health routine.
Self-exams are easy, and non-invasive. When you perform your self exam, lie down and place a cushion under your right shoulder. Place your right arm up behind your head. Using your left hand, move your fingertips around your right breast in gentle, small circular motions. Make sure to cover the entire breast area as well as the armpit when searching for any irregularities such as lumps or swelling. Repeat this for your left breast.
If you notice any irregularities during your self exam, seek medical attention as soon as possible.
Breast Cancer Diagnosis
The process of diagnosing breast cancer may involve a variety of tests and can take a few weeks. Waiting on these results is the scariest part, but once you receive your diagnosis you will be able to see the bigger picture and make the best decisions regarding your health and your treatment options.
It is important to understand that breast cancer is not a death sentence, especially when detected early. So, take the time, every month (and not just in October) to check your breasts - and never stop being vigilant.